==================
Usage and Examples
==================


This library is broken up into three main parts, as well as a certain
compilation and linking framework:

#. :ref:`Core Examples`
#. :ref:`Array Examples`
#. :ref:`BLAS Examples`
#. :ref:`Compilation and Linking`

The ``Core.h`` header contains the necessary macros, flags and objects for interfacing with
basic kernel launching and the CUDA Runtime API. The ``Array.h`` header contains the ``CudaTools::Array``
class which provides a device compatible Array-like class with easy memory management. Lastly,
the ``BLAS.h`` header provides functions BLAS functions through the the cuBLAS library for the GPU,
and Eigen for the CPU. Lastly, a templated Makefile is provided which can be used
for your own project, after following a few rules.

The usage of this libary will be illustrated through examples, and further details
can be found in the other sections. The examples are given in the `samples <https://git.acem.ece.illinois.edu/kjao/CudaTools/src/branch/main/samples>`__ folder.
Throughout this documentation, there are a few common terms that may appear. First,we refer to the CPU as the host, and the GPU as the device. So, a host function refers
to a function runnable on the CPU, and a device function refers to a function that is runnable
on a device. A kernel is a specific function that the host can call to be run on the device.

Core Examples
=============
This file mainly introduces compiler macros and a few classes that are used to improve the
syntax between host and device code. To define and call a kernel, there are a few
macros provided. For example,

.. code-block:: cpp

    DEFINE_KERNEL(add, int x, int y) {
        printf("Kernel: %i\n", x + y);
    }

    int main() {
        KERNEL(add, CudaTools::Kernel::basic(1), 1, 1); // Prints 2.
        return 0;
    }

The ``DEFINE_KERNEL(name, ...)`` macro takes in the function name and its arguments.
The second argument in the ``KERNEL()`` macro is are the launch parameters for
kernel. The launch parameters have several items, but for 'embarassingly parallel'
cases, we can simply generate the settings with the number of threads. More detail with
creating launch parameters can be found :ref:`here <CudaTools::Kernel::Settings>`. In the above example,
there is only one thread. The rest of the arguments are just the kernel arguments. For more detail,
see :ref:`here <Macros>`.

.. warning::
   These kernel definitions must be in a file that will be compiled by ``nvcc``. Also,
   for header files, there is an additional macro ``DECLARE_KERNEL(name, ...)`` to declare it
   and make it available to other files.

Since many applications used classes, a macro is provided to 'convert' a class into
being device-compatible. We follow the previous example in a similar fashion.

.. code-block:: cpp

    class intPair {
        DEVICE_CLASS(intPair)
        public:
            int x, y;

            intPair(const int x_, const int y_) : x(x_), y(y_) {
                allocateDevice(); // Allocates memory for this intPair on the device.
                updateDevice().wait(); // Copies the memory on the host to the device and waits until finished.
            };

            ~intPair() { CudaTools::free(that()); };

            HD void swap() {
                int swap = x;
                x = y;
                y = swap;
            };
    };

    DEFINE_KERNEL(swap, intPair* const pair) { pair->swap(); }

    int main() {
        intPair pair(1, 2);
        printf("Before: %u, %u\n", pair.x, pair.y); // Prints 1, 2.

        KERNEL(swap, CudaTools::Kernel::basic(1), pair.that()).wait();
        pair.updateHost().wait(); // Copies the memory from the device back to the host and waits until finished.

        printf("After: %u, %u\n", pair.x, pair.y); // Prints 2, 1.
        return 0;
    }

In this example, we create a class called ``intPair``, which is then made available on the device through
the ``DEVICE_CLASS(name)`` macro. Specifically, that macro introduces a few functions, like
``allocateDevice()``, ``updateDevice()``, ``updateHost()``, and ``that()``. The ``that()`` function
returns a pointer to the copy on the device. As a result, the programmer **must** define a destructor
that frees the pointer using ``CudaTools::free(that)``. For more details, see :ref:`here <Device Class>`.

.. warning::
   The ``updateDevice()`` and ``updateHost()`` in most cases will need to be explicitly called
   to push the data on the host to the device, and vice-versa. It is the programmers job to maintain
   where the 'most recent' copy is. If these are not called, various memory errors can occur. Note that,
   when passing a pointer to the kernel, it must be the *device* pointer. Otherwise, an illegal memory
   access would occur.

The kernel argument list should **must** consist of pointers to objects, or a non-reference object.
Otherwise, compilation will fail. In general this is safer, as it forces the programmer to
acknowledge that the device copy is being passed. For the latter case of a non-reference object,
you should only do this if there is no issue in creating a copy of the original object. In the above
example, we could have done this, but for more complicated classes it may result in unwanted behavior.

Lastly, since the point of classes is usually to have some member functions, to have them
available on the device, you must mark them with the compiler macro ``HD`` in front.

We also introduce the ``wait()`` function, which waits for the command to complete before
continuing. Most calls that involve the device are asynchronous, so without proper blocking,
operations dependent on a previous command are not guaranteed to run correctly. If the code is
compiled for CPU, then everything will run synchronously, as per usual.

.. note::
   Almost all functions that are asynchronous provide an optional 'stream' argument,
   where you can give the name of the stream you wish to use. Different streams run
   asynchronous, but operations on the same stream are FIFO. To define a stream to use
   later, you must call ``CudaTools::Manager::get()->addStream("myStream")`` at some point
   before you use it. For more details, see :ref:`here <CudaTools::Manager>`.


Array Examples
==============
This file introduces the ``Array`` class, which is a class that provides automatic
memory management between device and host. In particular, it provides functionality on
both the host and device while handling proper memory destruction, with many nice
features. In particular it supports mimics many features of the Python package NumPy.`
We can demonstrate a few here.

.. code-block:: cpp

    DEFINE_KERNEL(times2, const CudaTools::Array<int> arr) {
        CudaTools::Array<int> flat = arr.flattened();
        BASIC_LOOP(arr.shape().items()) { flat[iThread] *= 2; }
    }

    DEFINE_KERNEL(times2double, const CudaTools::Array<double> arr) {
        CudaTools::Array<double> flat = arr.flattened();
        BASIC_LOOP(arr.shape().items()) { flat[iThread] *= 2; }
    }

    int main() {
        CudaTools::Array<int> arrRange = CudaTools::Array<int>::range(0, 10);
        CudaTools::Array<int> arrConst = CudaTools::Array<int>::constant({10}, 1);
        CudaTools::Array<double> arrLinspace = CudaTools::Array<double>::linspace(0, 5, 10);
        CudaTools::Array<int> arrComma({2, 2}); // 2x2 array.
        arrComma << 1, 2, 3, 4;                 // Comma initializer if needed.

        arrRange.updateDevice();
        arrConst.updateDevice();
        arrLinspace.updateDevice();
        arrComma.updateDevice().wait();

        std::cout << "Before Kernel:\n";
        std::cout << arrRange << "\n" << arrConst << "\n" << arrLinspace << "\n" << arrComma << "\n";

        // Call the kernel multiple times asynchronously. Note: since they share same
        // stream, they are not run in parallel, just queued on the device.
        // NOTE: Notice that a view is passed into the kernel, not the Array itself.
        KERNEL(times2, CudaTools::Kernel::basic(arrRange.shape().items()), arrRange.view());
        KERNEL(times2, CudaTools::Kernel::basic(arrConst.shape().items()), arrConst.view());
        KERNEL(times2double, CudaTools::Kernel::basic(arrLinspace.shape().items()), arrLinspace.view());
        KERNEL(times2, CudaTools::Kernel::basic(arrComma.shape().items()), arrComma.view()).wait();
        arrRange.updateHost();
        arrConst.updateHost();
        arrLinspace.updateHost();
        arrComma.updateHost().wait(); // Same stream, so you should wait for the last call.

        std::cout << "After Kernel:\n";
        std::cout << arrRange << "\n" << arrConst << "\n" << arrLinspace << "\n" << arrComma << "\n";
        return 0;
    }

In this example, we show a few ways to initialize an ``Array`` through some static functions.
It is templated, so it can (theoretically) support any type. Additionally, you can initialize an
empty ``Array`` by providing its ``Shape`` with an initializer list (ex: ``{2, 2}``). Many of these
array functions and initializers have view-returning and self-assigning versions. For instance,
``.flattened()`` returns a flattened view of an Array, and does not modify the original. For more details,
see :ref:`here <CudaTools::Array<T>>`.

We also note the use of ``BASIC_LOOP(N)``, which is a macro for generating the loop automatically
on the kernel given the number of threads. It is intended to be used only for "embarassingly parallel"
situations and with the ``CudaTools::Kernel::basic()`` launch parameters. If compiling for CPU, it will
mark the loop with ``#pragma parallel for`` and attempt to use OpenMP for parallelism.

.. warning::
   Notice that a view must be passed to the kernel, and not the original object. This

The Array also supports other helpful functions, such as multi-dimensional indexing, slicing, and
a few other functions.

.. code-block:: cpp

    int main() {
        CudaTools::Array<int> arr = CudaTools::Array<int>::constant({100}, 0);
        arr.reshape({4, 5, 5}); // Creates a three dimensional array.

        arr[0][0][0] = 1;     // Axis by axis indexing.
        arr[{1, 0, 0}] = 100; // Specific 'coordinate' indexing.
        std::cout << arr << "\n";

        CudaTools::Array<int> arrRange = CudaTools::Array<int>::range(0, 18);
        auto arrSlice = arr.slice({{1, 3}, {1, 4}, {1, 4}}); // Takes a slice of the center.
        std::cout << "Before Copy:\n" << arrSlice << "\n";
        arrSlice = arrRange; // Copies arrRange into arrSlice. (Does NOT replace!)
        std::cout << "After Copy:\n" << arrSlice << "\n";

        std::cout << "Modified: \n"
                  << arr << "\n"; // The original array is modified, since a slice does not copy.

        CudaTools::Array<int> newArr = arr.copy();                 // Copies the original Array.
        for (auto it = newArr.begin(); it != newArr.end(); ++it) { // Iterate through the array.
            *it = 1;
        }
        std::cout << "Modified New Array:\n" << newArr << "\n";
        std::cout << "Old Array:\n" << arr << "\n"; // The original array was not modified after a copy.
        return 0;
    }

In this example, we demonstrate some of the functionality of the Array. We can do
multi-dimensional indexing, take slices of the Array, and iterate through the Array through an
iterator, in C++ fashion. Particularly, we need to introduce the concept of a "view" of an Array.
An Array either "owns" its data or is a "view" of another Array. You can create a
view manually with the ``.view()`` function.

.. warning::
   When using the assignment operator, if a view is on the left-hand side, it will
   perform a copy of the internal data. However, if the Array is an owner, then it will replace
   the entire Array, and **free the old memory**. This means any view of that previous
   array will now point to invalid places in memory. It is responsibility of the
   programmer to manage this.


BLAS Examples
=============


Compilation and Linking
=======================