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243 lines
9.7 KiB
243 lines
9.7 KiB
Metadata-Version: 2.1
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Name: idna
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Version: 3.7
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Summary: Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
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Author-email: Kim Davies <kim+pypi@gumleaf.org>
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Requires-Python: >=3.5
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Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
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Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
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Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
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Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
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Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
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Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
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Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
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Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: Name Service (DNS)
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Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
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Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
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Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/kjd/idna/blob/master/HISTORY.rst
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Project-URL: Issue tracker, https://github.com/kjd/idna/issues
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Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/kjd/idna
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Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
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=====================================================
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Support for the Internationalized Domain Names in
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Applications (IDNA) protocol as specified in `RFC 5891
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<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891>`_. This is the latest version of
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the protocol and is sometimes referred to as “IDNA 2008”.
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This library also provides support for Unicode Technical
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Standard 46, `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing
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<https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_.
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This acts as a suitable replacement for the “encodings.idna”
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module that comes with the Python standard library, but which
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only supports the older superseded IDNA specification (`RFC 3490
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<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490>`_).
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Basic functions are simply executed:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import idna
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>>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
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b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
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>>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
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ドメイン.テスト
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Installation
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------------
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This package is available for installation from PyPI:
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.. code-block:: bash
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$ python3 -m pip install idna
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Usage
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-----
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For typical usage, the ``encode`` and ``decode`` functions will take a
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domain name argument and perform a conversion to A-labels or U-labels
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respectively.
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import idna
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>>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
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b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
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>>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
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ドメイン.テスト
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You may use the codec encoding and decoding methods using the
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``idna.codec`` module:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import idna.codec
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>>> print('домен.испытание'.encode('idna2008'))
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b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'
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>>> print(b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'.decode('idna2008'))
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домен.испытание
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Conversions can be applied at a per-label basis using the ``ulabel`` or
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``alabel`` functions if necessary:
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> idna.alabel('测试')
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b'xn--0zwm56d'
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Compatibility Mapping (UTS #46)
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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As described in `RFC 5895 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5895>`_, the
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IDNA specification does not normalize input from different potential
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ways a user may input a domain name. This functionality, known as
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a “mapping”, is considered by the specification to be a local
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user-interface issue distinct from IDNA conversion functionality.
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This library provides one such mapping that was developed by the
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Unicode Consortium. Known as `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing
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<https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_, it provides for both a regular
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mapping for typical applications, as well as a transitional mapping to
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help migrate from older IDNA 2003 applications.
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For example, “Königsgäßchen” is not a permissible label as *LATIN
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CAPITAL LETTER K* is not allowed (nor are capital letters in general).
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UTS 46 will convert this into lower case prior to applying the IDNA
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conversion.
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> import idna
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>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen')
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...
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idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 of 'Königsgäßchen' not allowed
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>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True)
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b'xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'
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>>> print(idna.decode('xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'))
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königsgäßchen
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Transitional processing provides conversions to help transition from
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the older 2003 standard to the current standard. For example, in the
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original IDNA specification, the *LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S* (ß) was
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converted into two *LATIN SMALL LETTER S* (ss), whereas in the current
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IDNA specification this conversion is not performed.
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.. code-block:: pycon
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>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True, transitional=True)
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'xn--knigsgsschen-lcb0w'
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Implementers should use transitional processing with caution, only in
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rare cases where conversion from legacy labels to current labels must be
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performed (i.e. IDNA implementations that pre-date 2008). For typical
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applications that just need to convert labels, transitional processing
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is unlikely to be beneficial and could produce unexpected incompatible
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results.
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``encodings.idna`` Compatibility
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Function calls from the Python built-in ``encodings.idna`` module are
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mapped to their IDNA 2008 equivalents using the ``idna.compat`` module.
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Simply substitute the ``import`` clause in your code to refer to the new
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module name.
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Exceptions
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----------
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All errors raised during the conversion following the specification
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should raise an exception derived from the ``idna.IDNAError`` base
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class.
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More specific exceptions that may be generated as ``idna.IDNABidiError``
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when the error reflects an illegal combination of left-to-right and
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right-to-left characters in a label; ``idna.InvalidCodepoint`` when
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a specific codepoint is an illegal character in an IDN label (i.e.
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INVALID); and ``idna.InvalidCodepointContext`` when the codepoint is
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illegal based on its positional context (i.e. it is CONTEXTO or CONTEXTJ
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but the contextual requirements are not satisfied.)
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Building and Diagnostics
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------------------------
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The IDNA and UTS 46 functionality relies upon pre-calculated lookup
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tables for performance. These tables are derived from computing against
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eligibility criteria in the respective standards. These tables are
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computed using the command-line script ``tools/idna-data``.
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This tool will fetch relevant codepoint data from the Unicode repository
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and perform the required calculations to identify eligibility. There are
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three main modes:
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* ``idna-data make-libdata``. Generates ``idnadata.py`` and
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``uts46data.py``, the pre-calculated lookup tables used for IDNA and
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UTS 46 conversions. Implementers who wish to track this library against
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a different Unicode version may use this tool to manually generate a
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different version of the ``idnadata.py`` and ``uts46data.py`` files.
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* ``idna-data make-table``. Generate a table of the IDNA disposition
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(e.g. PVALID, CONTEXTJ, CONTEXTO) in the format found in Appendix
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B.1 of RFC 5892 and the pre-computed tables published by `IANA
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<https://www.iana.org/>`_.
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* ``idna-data U+0061``. Prints debugging output on the various
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properties associated with an individual Unicode codepoint (in this
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case, U+0061), that are used to assess the IDNA and UTS 46 status of a
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codepoint. This is helpful in debugging or analysis.
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The tool accepts a number of arguments, described using ``idna-data
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-h``. Most notably, the ``--version`` argument allows the specification
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of the version of Unicode to be used in computing the table data. For
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example, ``idna-data --version 9.0.0 make-libdata`` will generate
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library data against Unicode 9.0.0.
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Additional Notes
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----------------
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* **Packages**. The latest tagged release version is published in the
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`Python Package Index <https://pypi.org/project/idna/>`_.
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* **Version support**. This library supports Python 3.5 and higher.
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As this library serves as a low-level toolkit for a variety of
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applications, many of which strive for broad compatibility with older
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Python versions, there is no rush to remove older interpreter support.
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Removing support for older versions should be well justified in that the
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maintenance burden has become too high.
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* **Python 2**. Python 2 is supported by version 2.x of this library.
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While active development of the version 2.x series has ended, notable
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issues being corrected may be backported to 2.x. Use "idna<3" in your
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requirements file if you need this library for a Python 2 application.
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* **Testing**. The library has a test suite based on each rule of the
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IDNA specification, as well as tests that are provided as part of the
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Unicode Technical Standard 46, `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing
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<https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_.
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* **Emoji**. It is an occasional request to support emoji domains in
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this library. Encoding of symbols like emoji is expressly prohibited by
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the technical standard IDNA 2008 and emoji domains are broadly phased
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out across the domain industry due to associated security risks. For
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now, applications that need to support these non-compliant labels
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may wish to consider trying the encode/decode operation in this library
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first, and then falling back to using `encodings.idna`. See `the Github
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project <https://github.com/kjd/idna/issues/18>`_ for more discussion.
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